He Wears A White Crown

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica California. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Osiris - God of the Dead dressed in white with crook and flail and white crown

Osiris is shown as a man with a beard wearing white mummy wrappings. His crown is the white crown of Upper Egypt surrounded by red feathers. His skin is green to represent vegetation. He holds the symbols of supreme power, the flail and crook. The crook is used by shepherds to catch their sheep. The flail is used in threshing, to separate the grains from the outer husks. Osiris was the God of the Dead. You would expect that such a god would be gloomy or even evil, but the Egyptians thought about death a lot. They mummified their dead and buried them with their belongings so they could enjoy themselves in the afterlife.

Snake God

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica California. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Seth Pt. 2

Seth was not always bad. He helped Ra fight the snake Apep.
This story begins on Nut and Geb's page. Seth had killed Osiris by tricking him into a coffin, which he threw into the Nile. When Osiris' wife Isis heard about this, she started searching desperately for her husband's body, to bury it properly. She asked everyone she met and finally some children told her where it was. Isis mourned for her dead husband. Then she hid the body, while she went back to look after her son Horus, still a baby.

Seth was terrified that Isis might be able to bring Osiris back from the dead, since she was a great magician. So Seth found where she had hidden the body and cut it into pieces, which he scattered up and down the Nile. Now Isis had to find all the scattered pieces of Osiris. Whenever she found a piece, she buried it there and built a shrine. This means that there are lots of places in Egypt where Osiris was buried! Osiris himself became the King of the Dead, and all Egyptians hoped they would join him after death. But what happened to Seth? See Horus's page.

The Famous Seth

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica California. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Seth Pt. 1

Seth - God of the desert, storm and violence animal head with long curved pointed snout
Seth (or Set) is shown with an animal's head with a long curved pointed snout, slanting eyes, and square-tipped ears. Sometimes he has a forked tail. No-one seems to know what the animal is. Aardvark, antelope, ass, camel, fennec, giraffe, greyhound, jackal, jerboa, long-snouted mouse, okapi, oryx and pig have all been suggested! Seth was the God of the desert, storm and violence, which are all enemies of the fertile, properous, narrow valley of the Nile.

You Call Them Earth And Sky

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica California. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Nut and Geb


Nut - the Sky Goddess blue with golden stars
Geb - the Earth God colour of plants and fertile Nile mud


The sky is Nut's body, arching from horizon to horizon. Geb is the Earth, lying beneath her. During the day, Nut and Geb are separated, but each evening Nut comes down to meet Geb and this causes darkness. If storms came during the day, it was believed that Nut had come closer to the earth. Nut was married to the King of the Gods, Ra, but she was in love with Geb. When Ra found out, he was angry and said that Nut could not give birth to any children during the 360 days of the year. Nut was unhappy and asked the God of Wisdom, Thoth, to help. At this time, the Moon was as bright as the Sun. Thoth got some light from the Moon, so now the Moon gets bigger and smaller each month. With this light, Thoth made five new days, so now the year is 365 days long. Nut gave birth to her five children, on these five days. When Osiris, the oldest, was born, a loud voice said "The lord of all the earth is born." Seth, his brother, was born hating Osiris. If you want to know what Seth did to Osiris, go to Osiris' page.

Top Cat

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica California. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Bastet - Proctectress of Cats cat or head of a cat
Bastet was sometimes called bast. She was the goddess of cats. She is a cat, or has the head of a cat, but originally she had the head of a lion.


Every day the sun god Ra would travel in his ship across the sky. Every night the snake Apep tried to stop the sun god's ship on his journey through the underworld. Ra was usually won these battles. However, on stormy days, or during an eclipse, the Egyptians believed that Apep had been victorious and swallowed the sun. Bastet defended her father Ra against the snake.
Bastet was the protector of cats. The Ancient Egyptians had a great respect for cats since they protected the grain from mice and rats. Rats can also cause disease. Killing a cat was punishable by death. When a cat died, the family mourned it, shaving their eyebrows to mark their sadness. Cats were sometimes mummified, like people, and their mummies have been found.

More annubis

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica California. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Anubis (Pt. 2)

Anubis invented embalming to embalm Osiris, the first mummy. He was the guide of the dead. The Egyptians embalmed their dead, especially their pharaohs, to preserve them, since they thought that this helped them live forever.

The Ancient Egyptians believed that when you died, you travelled to the Hall of the Dead. There Anubis weighed your heart against the feather of Ma'at, the goddess of justice sits on top of the scales to make sure that the weighing is carried out properly. You can see Anubis steadying the scales to make the weighing fair. If your heart was lighter than the feather, you lived for ever. We still talk of "a heart as light as a feather" to mean care-free, and "heavy-hearted" to mean sad. If your heart was heavier than the feather then it was eaten by the demon Ammit, the Destroyer. Ammit had the head of a crocodile, the shoulders of a lion and the rump of a hippopotamus. These were all frightening animals for the Egyptians. Thoth, god of wisom and writing, stands by to record what happens.

I See Isis

Mark Cella’s Egypt

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology as Santa Monica College in Santa Monica California. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Isis

Isis was the great mother-goddess. Her son was Horus, the enemy of Seth. Sometimes she has the baby Horus on her lap. Sometimes she has a throne on her head, as she is Queen of the goddesses. Sometimes she has a sun disk and horns, like Hathor. Isis was also a great healer and magician. She got her magic powers by tricking Ra (see Ra's webpage). This story begins on Nut and Geb's page. The war between Horus and his enemy Seth had lasted a long time.

Isis decided to help her son Horus. She met Seth, and asked for his help. She described someone killing a man and taking all he had away from the man's son. Seth said that killer should pay for his crimes. Isis said that Seth himself was the killer, and he had condemned himself. The other gods agreed, and Seth was driven out into the Sahara Desert. This is the end of the story.

Horus Is Back

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology as Cal State Dominguez University in Los Angeles. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.


Horus is shown as a hawk, or a man with a hawk's head and the crown of all Egypt. This makes him look similar to Ra, but Ra is crowned with the sun disk. Horus' crown is made of two parts. The white part is the crown of Upper Egypt (in the south) and the red part is the crown of Lower Egypt (including the Nile delta). Together they show that Horus ruled all Egypt. During their reign, Pharoahs identified themselves with Horus. After they died, they became

This story begins on Nut and Geb's page. When Horus was a baby, his father Osiris was killed by Seth. Horus and his mother Isis hid in the papyrus reeds in the delta of the Nile until Horus grew up. The he went to war with Seth to get his father's crown and kingdom. The battles raged for a long time. Once Seth managed to blind Horus by taking out his eye and tearing it to bits, but Thoth, the God of Wisdom, managed to heal the eye. So how did the war end? See Isis's page. The Eye of Horus, healed by Thoth, was an amulet, or magic charm. The Ancient Egyptians also used it to describe fractions. The Egyptians sometimes had had two eye symbols, with the left eye being the Eye of Horus, symbolizing the moon, and the right eye being symbolizing the Eye of Ra, or the sun.

The Jackal-God, Annubis

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology as Cal State Dominguez University in Los Angeles. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Anubis - God of Embalming head of jackal

Anubis invented embalming to embalm Osiris, the first mummy. He was the guide of the dead. The Egyptians embalmed their dead, especially their pharaohs, to preserve them, since they thought that this helped them live forever.

The Ancient Egyptians believed that when you died, you travelled to the Hall of the Dead. There Anubis weighed your heart against the feather of Ma'at, the goddess of justice sits on top of the scales to make sure that the weighing is carried out properly. You can see Anubis steadying the scales to make the weighing fair. If your heart was lighter than the feather, you lived for ever. We still talk of "a heart as light as a feather" to mean care-free, and "heavy-hearted" to mean sad. If your heart was heavier than the feather then it was eaten by the demon Ammit, the Destroyer. Ammit had the head of a crocodile, the shoulders of a lion and the rump of a hippopotamus. These were all frightening animals for the Egyptians. Thoth, god of wisom and writing, stands by to record what happens.

Return To Ra

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology as Cal State Dominguez University in Los Angeles. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Ra was the God of the Sun. He sailed across the heavens in a boat called the 'Barque of Millions of Years'. At the end of each day Ra was thought to die and sailed on his night voyage through the Underworld, leaving the Moon to light the world above. The boat would sail through the twelve doors, representing the twelve hours of night-time. The next dawn, he was born again.

It was not always smooth sailing. During the day Ra had to fight his chief enemy, a snake called Apep. He was helped by the other gods, such as Seth and Basset. The sun disk on Ra's head often has a cobra round it. A cobra appears on the forehead of Pharaohs, like Tutankhamun.

Ra was the greatest of the gods and he kept his power in his secret name, which only he knew. He had started to grow old, and sometimes he dribbled. Isis collected some of his saliva and made it into a snake. She hid the snake where Ra would walk. When Ra trod on it, it bit him, and Ra screamed in pain. All the gods gathered round, but none could heal him. Isis said "If you tell me your secret name, this will give me enough magic power to heal you." Ra didn't want to do this, but eventually the pain was so bad that he had to. Isis healed him, and ever since then she has the magic powers that Ra had.

Mother Love

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology as Cal State Dominguez University in Los Angeles. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.


Today: Hathor

Hathor - the Goddess of love, music, dance
cow horns and sundisk on head

Hathor was the goddess of joy, motherhood, and love. She looked after all women. She was the goddess of music and dancing, as well. Dead women were identified with Hathor, as men were identified with Osiris. She has a sun disk on her head and cow horns. Sometimes she had cow's ears or was a whole cow. But she had another side as well, as Sekhmet, the Eye of Ra, the destructive Sun Goddess.

The Egyptians knew that the Sun brought life, but they also knew that the desert Sun could kill you. Ra, the Sun God, was angry with mankind, because they laughed at him. He said that he'd send down his anger as Sekhmet, the Eye of Ra. She went down to Earth, killing men, and drinking their blood. She started to frighten Ra, who only wanted to punish Mankind, not destroy them all. So he dyed some beer red, to look like blood. When Sekhmet saw the beer, she was thristy for blood, so she drank it all, got drunk and went to sleep. When she woke up, Ra persuaded her to stop killing Mankind.

One Cool Cat

Mark A Cella is a world renowned archeologist and professor of Egyptology as Cal State Dominguez University in Los Angeles. He’s led over a dozen digs and expeditions to the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings over the past fifteen years.

Today: Bastet

Daugter of Ra Bastet - Proctectress of Cats cat or head of a cat
Bastet was sometimes called bast. She was the goddess of cats. She is a cat, or has the head of a cat, but originally she had the head of a lion.

Bastet was the protector of cats. The Ancient Egyptians had a great respect for cats since they protected the grain from mice and rats. Rats can also cause disease. Killing a cat was punishable by death. When a cat died, the family mourned it, shaving their eyebrows to mark their sadness. Cats were sometimes mummified, like people, and their mummies have been found.